The Battle Of The World War II - 1156 Words

Word War II was a time that caused many people to feel a lot of tension, anxiety and concern. While some wanted power, control, and wanted the notion of superiority. Others were left feeling unsafe, scared, and were worried of what the future would bring them. The uncertainly lead many to feed off the fear and the tension among people rose. No one was to be trusted. During the time of World War II the most important thing to have was power. Countries did not care how they would achieve it they simply wanted it. The country of Japan was one of the many in seek of such control and power. That is when the Japanese decided to expand, and invade China. At the beginning the Chinese did not give in, they fought as much as they could to protect their land. This clearly angered the Japanese as they felt disrespected and did not like that they were being defied. They truly believe it was their right to expand. This was the main reason why they decided to increase their violence towards the Chinese once they arrived to Nanking (The Rape of Nanking). It is obvious that the Japanese felt as if they deserve to take over China. However, as time passed the Chinese fear the continuous violence against them and saw no other option than to give up. The people did not understand why this increase of violence was being directed at them. Unfortunately, this cause the Japanese to perceive the Chinese as weak. If you want to be in power, you cannot give up easily. Therefore, the surrender of theShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The World War II974 Words   |  4 PagesSecond World War, the families would experience â€Å"a constant dread of receiving a telegram announcing the injury, missing status or capture, or death of a husband, son or father. Why help to fight World War II when you know the pain that it endures on your family? In the middle of World War II in 1939, a photographer captured a commemorative picture of a soldier/father kissing his daughter goodbye before her dad leaves Britain. Not only does the photograph show the impacts that World War II had onRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II1345 Words   |  6 Pages World War II, intensified tensions between two of the strongest countries in the 1940s, the United States of America and Japan. On December 7,1941, Japanese planes and submarines attacked the American Naval base at pearl harbor, one of America’s largest bases and the largest base in the Pacific Ocean.The attack caused serious damage to the base, taking out America’s strongest battleships, killing thousands of people, and destroying hundreds of planes. America officially enters World War II. TheRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II1047 Words   |  5 PagesThe first time aircrafts are seen playing major roles in World War II Germany and Japan had begun to attack the nation. Germany and Japan began their initial attacks strong with air strikes, first attacking Holland, Denver, France, and England. When the British retaliated, they had cutting-edge fighters guided by radar. The Battle for Britain was one of the first battles fought solely in the air, keeping Germany from taking control of Britain’s airways. Japan also began its attack on the U.S viaRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II995 Words   |  4 PagesAlyssa Humphrey Humphrey, 1 April 21, 2015 2nd On September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war on Hitler s Nazi Germany in retaliation. Humiliated and dissatisfied with their loss in World War I Germany wanted a powerful leader who could bring them to a strong victory. Invading the whole world meant there would be other countries stronger then they were. By this time, the Japanese had built a strong naval offense system known as the Combined Fleet commanded by IrorokuRead MoreThe Battle Of World War II1168 Words   |  5 Pages The Battles of World War II Normandy Invasion, D-Day In December 1943, the head of staff of the Allies picked American General Dwight D. Eisenhower as incomparable administrator for the Allies in Europe. English General, Sir Frederick Morgan, added to various arrangements for the Allies, most uncommon was Operation Overlord, a full-scale intrusion of France over the English Channel. This was the codename for the most mysterious summon in the war. The initial plan was to cross the English ChannelRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II2128 Words   |  9 PagesWorld War II, which lasted from 1939 to 1945, is considered the largest armed conflict in human history. This war was fought over six different continents, in every ocean, and ultimately resulted in fifty million military and civilian deaths; including the six million Jews who perished in the Holocaust. Within the course of the seven-year span of fighting in the war, two decisive battles changed the tide of the war in each theater: The D-Day landings and the Battle of Midway. The invasion of NormandyRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II1315 Words   |  6 PagesSam Carter L9 To What Extent was the Battle of Stalingrad a More Important Turning Point in World War II than the Battle of Britain? The Battle of Stalingrad was fought from the September 1942 through to early February 1943, and took place after the Germans had reached the fringes of Leningrad and Moscow in operation Barbarossa. Hitler’s, and the German commander of the sixth army, General von Paulus’ main aim was to take and secure the oil fields of Caucasus in Russia. The oil from here wouldRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II1414 Words   |  6 Pagesthe global conflict known as World War 2 had been brutally raging on for over two years. American forces had managed to stay out of the war. However, when the Japanese bombed the naval base in Hawaii, Pearl Harbor, the Americans could no longer hold out. On December 7, 1941, the United States of America entered WWII (â€Å"Origins of the Normandy Landing†). Before the Americans entered the war, Winston Churchill and the Allies (Britain, Canada, France) were losing the war. Everything was against themRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II1249 Words   |  5 Pageswere more than one hundred warships which included eight massive battleships. The US was suffering from the Great Depression, which made Americans think that they would stay out of World War II. As tensions grew between Japan and America, American sailors and airmen were training just in case the US were to join World War II. Americans had not realized that Japan and America were becoming enemies because the main enemy was Adolf Hitler; his goal was to conquer all the democracies of Europe. In 1940,Read MoreThe Battle Of The World War II1712 Words   |  7 Pages The Battle of Midway was one of the most important naval battles of WWII. This three day offensive between June 4th and 7th of 1942 inflicted irreparable damage on the Japanese fleet. The Japanese sought to eliminate the America as a strategic power in the Pacific, thereby giving Japan a free lane to establish a greater dominance on the Pacific hemisphere. The plan was faulty from the start due to American code breakers who were able to decipher the date and location of the attack, forewarning

The Application Of Electronic Health Records - 936 Words

Today, demands for the implementation of health information technology to develop the quality of care are increasing in the United States. Researchers have found that the application of electronic health records (EHRs) could provide healthcare services. The use of EHRs in mental health has shown to provide more services to patients and access to medical records quickly. However, the adoption of EHRs in mental health is significantly lower among mental health providers than other health care providers. This is because of the lack of resources and the necessary competence of most mental health providers do not have for EHRs meaningful utilization. EHRs in mental health require more effort and skills to complete their healthcare services. This is because the highly sensitive mental health data involving certain conditions and records of vulnerable patients need to be kept safe. According to Chiu and her colleague, confidentiality and privacy issues are not new subjects to mental health care providers (109). When patients information is captured, stored, and transmitted it could be attacked by identity theft or fraud (Choi et al 57). The benefits of using EHRs obtained by health care organizations could breach patient privacy. The U.S. federal government has introduced the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) which has taken responsibility to protect patients rights and privacy (Choi et al. 57). According to Choi and his colleagues, the purpose of theShow MoreRelatedApplication Of An Electronic Health Record1272 Words   |  6 PagesEmpower As a nurse facilitator walking into a room of disgruntled nurses, the task of planning or an electronic medical record adoption will not be an easy task. However, with the right approach, this endeavor can be motivating. Our future is dependent on our ability to adapt to an ever-evolving healthcare system that is becoming increasingly integrated with a dynamic technology explosion. Nursing leaders need to develop insight into healthcare s future and prepare the foundation for the changesRead MoreApplication For Successful Electronic Health Records947 Words   |  4 PagesReflection Paper Introduction As per Fenton, Giannangelo, Stanfill (2006), Workflow, project management, personnel, training, support, communication, motivation, vision, leadership and evaluation, are essential considerations for successful electronic health records (EHR) implementations. HI 5329 Assessment and Evaluation course utilized a team work practical approach that covers explicitly or implicitly the majority of those considerations. The first six modules within this course focused mainly onRead MoreApplication And Challenges With Implementing An Electronic Health Record1127 Words   |  5 Pages Application and Challenges with Implementing an Electronic Health Record Kasey Murphy Abstract— This paper is about the many different challenges of electronic health records and the different advancement that electronic health records have. It talks about the benefits and challenges that may arise with the electronic health records. Also, there are several advancements through the electronic health records especially through the years. They have made several adjustments to make it easily accessibleRead MoreIncreasing Speed Movement Towards The Electronic Health Records795 Words   |  4 PagesIncreasing speed movement towards the electronic health records has additional complexity of the preference from among choices process, in that the number of systems on the market has raised. However, appointing a system does not have to be a frighten task. The first and most understandable questions that needs to be acknowledge is placed. Where do we start? Well you do not start with the merchant. To obtain any major systems investments must being with a process. Why wi ll you need to set up a methodRead MoreElectronic Record Adoption Project Scenario888 Words   |  4 Pagesapproach to the electronic record adoption project scenario. The outcome of a needs assessment given scenario is the adoption of an Electronic Health Record system by the health care organization. For the site to adopt and accept implementation of an electronic health record system, benefits have to be clearly outlined and presented to the site staff. The staff must be convinced that the core functions of implementation of an electronic health records system is management of patient health informationRead MoreEssay National Ehr Mandate1248 Words   |  5 PagesNational EHR Mandate Heidi Babcock-Marvin Ohio University National EHR Mandate An electronic health record (EHR) defines as the permissible patient record created in hospitals that serve as the data source for all health records. It is an electronic version of a paper chart that includes the patient’s medical history, maintained by the provider over time, and may include all of the key administrative clinical data relevant to that persons care. Information that is readily available includesRead MoreThe Problem Faced By The Student Run Clinic1451 Words   |  6 PagesBhagat Puran Singh Health Initiative (BPSHI), which is a non-profit organization is to have an affordable yet reliable system that can further expand on the free health awareness provided. One such way that can further expand on the health assistance is the transition of older traditional paper medical record to an electronic record system (EMR). However, there are a number of sub-problems that needs to be addressed when implementing the transition, which are: a proper EMR application, work force, andRead MoreAssignment #1 Health Information1661 Words   |  7 PagesInformation Technologies Applications Information Technologies Applications Haya Zeidan Strayer University HSA 315 Dr. MOUNTASSER  KADRIE Assignment #1 April 26, 2011 Information Technologies Applications 2 Abstract The information Technologies Applications is widely used nowadays. Information technology (IT) has the potential to improve the quality, safety, and efficiency of health care. But before everythingRead MoreTechnology Applications For Nursing Care995 Words   |  4 Pages4 2.1Nursing Informatics as a Specialty 4 2.2 Use of Computers a Necessity in Health Care 5 2.3 The Open Source Soft Ware In Nursing 5 2.4 Physiologic Monitoring System 5 2.5 The Significance of Technology Applications to Nursing Care. 5 2.6 Electronic Health Record 6 2.7 Future Uses of Telehealth 6 2.8 Legal and Ethical Aspects 6 2.9 Ethical, and Professional Issues In Information Security 6 2.10 Ethical Applications in Informatics 7 3.0 Critical Evaluation: 7 3.1 PERSONAL LIFE: 7 3.1.1 NursingRead MoreThe American Recovery And Revitalization Act Of 20091249 Words   |  5 PagesRecovery and Revitalization Act of 2009 brought meaningful use of patient records to help increase the improvement of patient care. With certified electronic health record technology, one goal is to improve quality, safety, efficiency, and to decrease health discrepancies. Some more goals are to get patient and family engaged in their care, continue to improve care coordination, and maintain privacy and security of patient health information. In order to achieve these goals, healthcare facilities must

Science and Society Free Essays

Science and Society Is life fact or fiction? One could look at science and society in the same manner. Meaning that there is an ideal subject, one subject could be the truth and one could be deception. Science, in my opinion, is the truth. We will write a custom essay sample on Science and Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, science is based on facts and numbers and figures, these never deter from the truth if correctly applied in their own fields of study. The term for society states that it is a group of people who shape their lives in aggregated and patterned ways that distinguish their group from other groups. Society can take a number of shapes and forms and it is never the same in any place in the world, politics and economy differ yet society is unified as a whole in the larger spectrum. Lewis Thomas (â€Å"Alchemy†), George Orwell (â€Å"What Is Science? †), Carl Sagan (â€Å"Why We Need to Understand Science†), and Lawrence Krauss (â€Å"School Boards Want to ‘Teach to the Controversy. ’ What Controversy? † have different points of views in each of their understandings of science and society, yet one thing that sticks out in their essays as a related is that society in some way, shape, or form should be informed and open to more knowledge of the sciences. Carl Sagan’s’ (â€Å"Why We Need to Understand Science†) was one of my favorite pieces due to the fact that he did in his own opinions and views yet what stuck out in my mind is that he added data and facts into his piece. I believe his piece best describes science as his primary term because he is trying to get people to understand the importance of why society should look at science this way and why. People like numbers because they are either comforting or they make people realize something that was never really thought of before because it wasn’t as solid or tangible in their minds. He wrote his delved more into the root of the problem with society and science on both aspects. He also concluded with a suggestion to the solution of the problem of our society’s lack of knowledge in science. Sagan preaches his point and is very to the point in all aspects of his writing although it wasn’t as logical as the other essays I think the emotion he put into his piece was what won me over because of the passion of wanted to get his point across to the readers is usually the same difference of what gets people interested in the knowledge of science. Lewis Thomas (â€Å"Alchemy†), primarily states in his essay that of the work of alchemists. He indicates that their seemingly todays silly work of trying to turn metal into gold or their secret society of alchemist did not go wasted. They actually set a lot of today’s sciences up for advancement and great lengths of achievement. Thomas made a clear and concise history of the Alchemists such as the origins being traced back to the ancient time of the Arabic, Latin, and Greek. He added the meaning of the work that Alchemists were trying to achieve such as there only being one particle in the universe that was the true meaning of existence in all shapes or forms. He also argued to downfalls of the Alchemist such as the time they spent on dead ends in their pursuit of science, all the writing and work they proposed that was written in secretive language, the bans of their work due to it being related to black magic. Yet, in many positive aspects the Alchemists did pave the way for other sciences to be studied successfully, such as physics or chemistry. This got people interested and helped to spur conversation, debate, and helped bring questions to one another to spur thought. On a very low level this work did get science in society started yet it was only amongst the scientist community. None of the work can be understood by people of normal or medial knowledge. Yet again on could argue that among certain interested parties for instance student, the subject of alchemy could be seen as an interesting subject, therefore the student would want to read about alchemist and then possibly see what the fuss is about and want to take a look at what works interested alchemist and would try to learn to study aspects of their work such as physics and chemistry in a broad sense. Thomas does make certain valid points yet the downfall is that this type of science would not be relatable to the masses it is above their heads. This type of science in society can almost always be only attainable to those in the field of science and only reel in a few of outsiders in society. George Orwell (â€Å"What Is Science? †), writes and essay of very profound aspects of science. For instance his piece he defines what science is and also argues the differences between sciences in my opinion for his readers to get both sides of what he is trying to describe so one can form an opinion of their own. This is the point he is trying to get across to his readers, to be able for one to form his own opinion about science. Therefore they are learning and gain knowledge of the subject of science in some way shape or form. I agree with many facts of Orwell’s piece, for instance he states that anyone educated can describe to you what science may mean to them whether it’s a specific or broad term. Does the knowledge of science make one smarter than the next, not necessarily? Vice versa in the sense that someone who was less knowledgeable on science then became knowledgeable could have less intelligence about the subject than â€Å"an illiterate peasant†, or that this knowledge may do more harm than good. After this seemingly contradictory argument he contradicts himself more by stating that society should be educated in science to be able to grasp the concept of being able to possess a â€Å"rational, skeptical, experimental habit of mind. This to me means that one should have a firm grasp on the knowledge of science and be able to carry a conversation of facts data and look at science in broad and insightful aspects. I don’t think this work is as strong as Carl Sagan’s work because he is trying to please the masses and preach about two things at the same time which I feel is untruthful because he is trying to reel in a larger crowd so to speak, which I lost interest in. Lawrence Krauss (â€Å"School Boards Want to ‘Teach to the Controversy. What Controversy? †) describes how schools across the board should teach other methods of science in order for one to search for their own truth or the whole truth of their meaning of science. He relates his main subject on religion vs. science and how the church and science is constantly arguing about the fact of who is right and who is wrong about evolution, in depth the Big Bang theory or that every human is genetically related from the first organism. As interesting as Krauss’s point about science were I found his points to more centered only around the church and sciences point of view in the matter, I only dismissed it because it didn’t relate to the masses and it was a very limited piece to give readers much knowledge beyond what was stated and I could not personally gather anything out of it for my own purposes other than the ending quote which if he wrote around this subject I probably would have chosen it, To search thoroughly for the truth involves a searching of souls as well as of spectra. Then again souls are not an indefinite thing, science because it is based on facts and numbers, so in theory this does not make sense and is weaker than Carl Sagan’s piece in general because it does not really evoke thought to the reader. I think the most relatable thing between all the pieces was that amongst specific likeminded people there will always be debate and conclusions will be drawn based on their facts a nd that these certain societies can communicate efficiently with each other. On a larger scale society as a whole should learn more about science in order to attain basic understanding of knowledge of science. Personally I think that basic understanding of the knowledge of science is attainable and should be learned amongst society because education in America is lacking while others are racing ahead in almost every aspect of education, reading, writing, math, and science. Education should be important to everyone for the simple fact that science has gotten our society to the point it is today. Some aspects may be good and some bad for instance the good may include being able to function in an advanced society with buildings and cars, advancements in medicine allowing humans to live longer and healthier. Yet again with our advancement we also have made negative aspects for ourselves such as being able to genetically mass produce beef that goes into fast food restaurants all over the country that has made 70% of Americans obese, or the fact that because of our advancement in medicine which allow most humans to live longer or cure them from most ailments, natural selection has come to a stop and has allowed the weaker of humans to spawn and created other like humans. I envision that I would prefer to live in a world with science rather than a primitive society, my answer is pure and simple there is nothing profound about it, this world with science is what I am used to and I wouldn’t want to change this. Perhaps in a positive light I would want to change science to further advancement science as we know it, for example finding a cure for cancer, or better yet finding out what in the brain or body creates mental illness or to add or subtract DNA from fetuses in order to create a â€Å"perfect† human one free from disease. I believe my ideas towards science would actually better society because it would benefits them in ways that would make them possibly more interest in science due to the controversy and debates it may cause. How to cite Science and Society, Essay examples

Granularity Adjustment and Risk Measures †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Granularity Adjustment and Risk Measures. Answer: Introduction: The returns provided by Bendigo and Adelaide Bank Ltd are mainly depicting the overall viability, which could provide higher retunes from investment. In addition, the overall returns on annual basis are mainly at 15.74%, which depicts the overall viability of the investment. Moreover, the unsystematic risk if also at 1.25386%, which is relatively low and could reduce the risk from changing policies. The overall returns are mainly helpful in generating higher return from investment. However, the overall beta is mainly at 1.11, which is relatively high, which in turn could increase risk from investment. On the contrary, Gagliardini and Gourieroux (2013) argued that higher beta in stock directly indicate vulnerability of the stock, which in tune could hamper return from investment. The overall shares of Bendigo and Adelaide Bank Ltd has a relevant higher beta, which might increase risk of the portfolio and raise the negative impact that could be depicted from capital market. Hence, investment in the stock could be depicted to only 10% of the portfolio, where the beta could be negative and reduced with adequate diversification. The main reason behind the reduced investment is the stock is high beta, which increase risk from investment. Valipour et al. (2015) mentioned that use of diversified portfolio could help in reducing the risk from investment and adequately compensate for the high beta stocks. Reference: Gagliardini, P. and Gouriroux, C., 2013. Granularity adjustment for risk measures: Systematic vs unsystematic risks.International Journal of Approximate Reasoning,54(6), pp.717-747. Valipour, M., Amin, V., Kargosha, M. and Akbarpour, K., 2015. Forecasting stock systematic risk using Heuristic Algorithms.Journal of productivity and development,1(1), pp.36-41.

Music Styles Indie Rock

Here are 10 Good Trees Gone Bad

Here are 10 Good Trees Gone Bad Planting the wrong tree in the wrong place is a guarantee for future tree removal. Tree removal is, at best, expensive to buy and can be very dangerous if you decide to do it yourself - plus it is back breaking work. A lot of trouble and anxiety can be avoided by planting the appropriate tree in your yard to start with. Bad Tree Characteristics All trees have good and bad characteristics. It is a rare tree that will satisfy your needs throughout its entire life span. A tree can outgrow its original purpose very quickly or grow into its intended purpose very slowly. Understanding this concept is the key to proper tree planting in your yard. Ask yourself these questions when selecting a yard tree: Do I want a trees fruit and leaves to deal with as it matures? Am I willing to plant a fast growing tree but eventually have to deal with its constantly breaking and sprouting from roots? Do I have the space for a large and spreading tree? Trees People Regret Planting Here are ten trees that many homeowners have regretted planting. Think long and hard before planting these trees in your yard.Hackberry  - Although Celtis occidentalis is an important tree in regions where alkaline soils are problematic, it is a poor substitute  when other species are options. The tree has weak wood and messy in the landscape. It grows very large and hard to manage in the landscape. Norway Maple  - Acer platanoides was introduced into North Ameria over 200 years ago and has aggressively spread taking over native maple populations. The invasive nature of the tree degrades most landscapes over time. Silver Maple  -  Acer saccharinum is a maple with some of the weakest wood of the native North American maple. It  has a very short natural life and suffers continually from breakage and disease. Mimosa   -  Albizia julibrissin  or silk tree is a warm-climate invasive exotic and was widely planted for its beautiful flower and beauty in the landscape. It is subject to a major wilt disease and very messy in the landscape. Lombardy poplar   -  Populus nigra  Ã‚  is a North American exotic with absolutely no redeeming  features according to most horticulturists. It has been planted mainly as a windbreak but is short-lived and quickly loses even that ability. Leyland cypress  -  Cupressocyparis leylandii  has been widely planted as hedges over the last three decades. It is now out of favor to plant in all but the most expansive   landscapes. Planting them too close and a major disease makes them undesirable in the urban landscape.   Pin Oak  -  Quercus palustris is actually a very beautiful tree under optimal conditions. Like Leyland cypress, the oak needs a large area in maturity and is subject sensitive  to many soil  conditions common to many yards and landscapes. Cottonwood  -  Populus deltoides   is another weak-wooded tree, messy, massive and has an overwhelming spring shedding of reproductive parts. It still is a favorite  where trees are scarce. Willow  -  Salix  spp. is a beautiful weeping tree in the right landscape, especially in wetlands and near aquatic ecosystems. For these same reasons, it does not make a desirable yard tree because of the need for space and for its destructive tendency to destroy water pipes. Black Locust  -  Robinia pseudoacacia  has a place on our native forests, and even there can become invasive. This tree of thorns really has no place in a landscape enjoyed by visitors. It is also a heavy sprouter/seeder and can quickly overtake even large landscapes.

Constructivism learning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Constructivism learning - Research Paper Example Constructivism allows the learners to participate actively in the learning process as they get the opportunity to share what they think of a topic. Unlike in the traditional method of learning where the teacher gives all the information to the students, constructivism allows the students to ask questions and even discuss amongst themselves. They relate what they learn with their experiences and relationships and develop a clear understanding of themselves and what they learn.Discussing with each other also makes it easy to understand what they learn. The mode of learning also provides a platform where the students can ask the teacher questions in case they do not understand a concept. Constructivism also helps students to develop a high self-esteem because the teachers believe in their ability to gain and interpret knowledge. The traditional method of learning only allowed students to believe what the teacher taught them without any question. The students believed that what the teach er taught them was the final word, and they were not allowed to debate about it, regardless of whether they knew it was wrong. Constructivism, however, gives the learners a chance question what they learn and even develop new concepts that suit them. They do this by researching widely in the libraries or on the internet. Constructivism ensures that all the students are treated in a fair manner. It encourages all the students to participate in learning, regardless of whether they are sure about the topic of discussion or not.

Survey Development Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Survey Development Project - Assignment Example The beginning of Boston included events such as the Boston massacre, Boston Tea Party, Boston Siege, and the Battle of Bunker Hill. After the establishment, Boston attracted many settlers from without because it became an interregional center for education, medicine, socialization, and business (Chowdhury, 2012). The city was a regional leader in innovation and economic development. The changes that occurred in Boston made the population grow very fast with the influx of immigrants and investors. The groups that migrated to Boston included Germans, Syrians, French, Canadians, and Haitians, among others. This migration made a blend of many ethnic communities, which changed the operations and interactions of the city drastically (Byrne & Deane, 2011). Boston has a population of 645,966 people, about 10% of Massachusetts’ population, which is 6,708,874 (Love & Sajatovic, 2011). Over half of Boston’s population is made up of Caucasian people, a quarter African-Americans, Hispanic Latinos 17.5, and 8.9% Asians, and American Indians 0.4 (McCuskee, 2012). This makes Boston a blend of many cultures with variations in belief systems and values. The Boston Haitians started to migrate to Boston in the 20thcentury. They were fleeing the dictatorship of Francois Duvalier (commonly known as Papa Doc). Today, the population of Haitians in Boston is only third in United States after Florida and New York (Johnson, 2015). In 2005, for example, there were 40,000 Haitians in Massachusetts. The paper illustrates how Haitians are treated in the medical sector in Boston. The focus is specifically on mental health with a specific focus on the contributions of cultural beliefs. This study will be done among the Boston Haitians with the involvement of professionals in medicine, sociology, and history. This survey explains the approaches to the treatment of the Haitians by the healthcare providers in Boston. The research aims at finding the disadvantages that

Cost Accounting. A managerial emphasis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cost Accounting. A managerial emphasis - Essay Example This in turn drive up fixed costs due to imperfect factor substitution as managers turn to other less efficient activities or resources to substitute the activity that is used as the cost driver. The fixed cost is in turn costed over a lower level of activity, making the activity seem costly when in fact it might be a lucrative market or product (Doogar, 2001). Q12. In activity based management, cost driver analysis, cause-and-effect diagram, pareto analysis, and performance measurement are performed. Activity based analysis examines, quantifies, and explains the effects of the cost driver on the cost of an activity. Cause-and-effect diagram maps out causes that affect an activity, process, stated problem, or outcome. In pareto analysis, histogram of cost drivers that contribute to the total cost is constructed. Performance measurement identifies the work performed and the results achieved by an activity process or organizational unit (Porter, 2006). Q13. Andrew Carnegie installed weigh scales at all points in his mills to see whether material was saved or not. Rather than checking quality after the products have been produced, Edward Deming's ideas of Total Quality Management propounded a cease in dependence on mass inspections-quality must be designed and built into the processes, preventing defects rather than attempting to detect and fix them after they have occurred.

Animal Cruelty effects and relating laws

Animal Cruelty effects and relating laws Different types of animal cruelty have ee around for many years. Laws relating to animal cruelty vary from state to state. As of 2009, about forty-six states  have some felony provisions in their anti-cruelty and/or animal fighting laws (Wisch, 2005). As time passes and new things are being invented, people seem to loose interest in their pets. Even though people use animals for their testing/experiments, there are other ways to get a solution to something. Scientist and many others, find it easier and safer to test on animals than to test on other possible sources. They test products such as makeup, and cologne. They also use animal fur for designer clothing other types of fashion. Innocent animals are being used for useless products that we can live without. Many animals die due to different types of crucial testing. They suffer by going through several procedures. The goal is not to patch up ailing people but to use the human tissues in place of mice, dogs or other lab animals for testing new drugs, cosmetics and other products (New York Times, nd). With the donation of human cells, animal testing will be reduced. This way is safer can be both suited for animals and humans. If the animal- rights movement had a bible, it is Singers 1975 book, Animal Liberation  (New York Times, Jan. 15, pg 30).  Singer calls many of the attitudes human beings have toward other animals speciesism, a concept which can be found throughout history ( Gargaro, 1991). Humans are just like animals as far as feeling pain. Eight billion animals are killed each year in this country for food. More than a thousand animals are killed and shipped to groceries stores to be bought. Slaughtering of cows, pigs, and other animals, happen everyday because consumers keep purchasing meat. Animals on todays factory farms are kept in crowded, filthy enclosures and denied everything natural and enjoyable to them. Most of them have no legal protection from cruelty that would be illegal if it were inflicted on  dogs  or  cats. There are some fruits or vegetables that can give the same protein as meat. The  Humane Slaughter Act  requires that animals be rendered unconscious with one swift application of a stunning device before slaughter.  Animals in slaughterhouses can smell the stench, hear the sounds and often see the slaughter of those before them. As the animals struggle from fright, the human workers who are pressured to keep the lines moving quickly often react with impatience towards the animals.   Numerous cases of deliberate cruelty have been reported including workers who took sadistic pleasure from shooting the eyes out of cattle, striking them in the head, and electrically shocking them in sensitive areas of their bodies. As for the chemistry of the central nervous and endocrine systems, there is no difference between humans and other animals. All free-range, factory-farmed, egg-laying, dairy-producing, or wool-bearing animals that dont first die from disease are trucked to the slaughterhouse.   To minimize costs, animals are crowded and must live in each others excrement.   They are exposed to extreme weather conditions in the open trucks.   Shipping fever, which can be fatal, is common in cattle transported long distances to the feedlots, the stockyards and then the slaughterhouse (Compassionate Action Institute, nd). Animal cruelty can be either deliberate abuse or simply the failure to take care of an animal. Either way, and whether the animal is a pet, a farm animal, or wildlife, the victim can suffer terribly. People with emotional problems may beat, shoot, or stab animals or set them on fire. Neglect is not giving an animal the right food, water, shelter or vet care. Their misery goes on for so long; animals who die of neglect can suffer just as much as animals who are harmed on purpose. All U.S. states have animal cruelty laws, and 47 states treat some forms of abuse as felonies.  Farmers  and  researchers  can do cruel things to animals that other people cant do legally, but all states have some protection for pets like dogs and cats. There are different cases in animal cruelty, for example cockfighting and dog fighting. Animal cruelty has not gone away. In Brea, California, 85 children, ages ranging from kindergarten through 12th grade, witnessed a cow being slaughtered at Carbon Canyon Christian School, according to PETA Action Alerts. The rational for having the students witness this cruel act was that they could see this act, instead of only experiencing it through the books they had read during the year. Chances are if an animal is being abused and there is a child in that household, then the child is also being abused. Chances are that a child abus ing an animal can grow up to be someone who commits other violent crimes. Studies also found that a history of animal abuse was found in 25% of male criminals, 30% of convicted child molesters, 36% of domestic violence cases and 46% of homicide cases (The National Animal Abuse Registry, nd). While prosecution of animal cruelty cases is generally considered the exclusive purview of law enforcement, veterinarians who routinely examine and treat sick and injured animals occupy a unique role in the legal process of identifying cruelty and bringing its perpetrators to justice. People engage in animal cruelty, otherwise known as animal abuse, in every city throughout the world. There are many reasons why people mistreat animals some individuals act on sadistic desires others act unintentionally, harming animals with their carelessness. But the true abuse is systemic, involving the choices we make as a collective. Animals are used as dummies because people think they arent harming anyone by doing so. In the past few years, organizations and individuals have been using the power of the internet to spread awareness of animal cruelty facts a great sign considering animal abuse will only continue on a massive scale until enough people come face-to-face with the statistics. To fight this abomination, activists, scientists, authors, lawyers, and politicians have sacrificed their valuable time and money, occasionally their lives, to save suffering animals. With gratitude to those who accumulate animal cruelty facts and educate the populace, people are finally ta king notice of suffering animals and the mistreatment they undergo.

Does Quantum Mechanics Force us to give up Determinism? :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Does Quantum Mechanics Force us to give up Determinism? 1. Definition of terms and endeavor 1.1 Unpredictability versus Indeterminacy Consider a pendulum and assume we describe its state s(t) at time t solely by the position of its bob . For simplicity suppose also that time is quantized in multiples of the basic time unit 1. If kept unperturbed, the pendulum’s motion is periodic ; thus any state s(t) will be be achieved infinitely many times. Assume for instance that s(t1)=s(t2). Does this imply s(t1+1)=s(t2+1) ? Clearly, there can be no such implication, since we do not know the velocity of the bob at the two times in question. Therefore, the system as described here is indeterministic. We might, however, imagine a description of the state in terms of more parameters ; with respect to this more extensive characterization the system might turn out to be deterministic. In that case, if we were given the parameters q1,q2, q3,...qn-1 qn,we would be able to predict the state s(q1,q2, q3,...qn-1 qn, t+1) at time t+1 from our knowledge of the state s(q1,q2, q3,...qn-1 qn,t) at time t. 1.2 The difficulty of establishing non-determinism The example illustrates the difference between unpredictability and non-determinism. If insufficiently characterized, the pendulum’s motion is unpredictable. However, this does not preclude the existence of a complete description s(q1,q2, q3,...qn-1 qn,t) of the pendulum’s states that will make the system deterministic. Unfortunately this means that it is very difficult to prove that a system is truly non-deterministic. Proving that a process is deterministic requires the more straightforward (though possibly very difficult) task of specifying the complete set of descriptive parameters for a state together with the rules by which we can obtain one state from the preceding ; proving that a process is non-deterministic, however, requires us to prove that no such complete description and set of rules can be found, whether in practice or in theory. Due to this difficulty, our philosophy of physics professor would be unlikely to ask his students to write an essay discussing whether or not the world behaves deterministically, or, whether or not an accurate deterministic description of the world could be found. What we can discuss, is whether or not, given some theory X, the acceptance of X as a correct description of the world entails that the world described by this theory X behaves deterministically. 1.3 Assumptions made All discussion in this essay is based on the assumption that we take

Chester Barnard’s Management Theory Essay

Management has been in our business culture many years. Ideas of management from the past are applicable to management practices today. In today’s society, managers are seen as a ruling authority that get their jobs done through other people; their employees. Most of the time there is a lack of communication between the managers and their employees resulting in conflicts that may place their company at high risk of failure. Leading and motivating should be the top priorities of a manager. Motivating includes communicating with your employees, dealing and solving problems and encouraging them to do their job to be successful in today’s management business. This all leads us to Chester Barnard’s management theory and his belief of the role of effectiveness within management. Chester Barnard was born in 1886 and died in 1961. He attended Mount Hermon Prep School and later enrolled at Harvard University. While at his position as a telecommunications executive, Bernard was influenced by Walter Gifford, Harvard President A. Lawrence Lowell, Donham. At that time, Chester was president of the New Jersey Bell Telephone Company. In his time he was known for publishing an article on ‘The Functions of the Executive in 1938’ which was an influential 20th century management book. In this article he helped advance thinking about organizations that later on contributed to the management theory. He created two theories which are Theory of Organization and Concept of Authority. â€Å"Authority is the character of a communication in a formal organization by virtue of which it is accepted by a contributor to or ‘member’ of the organization as governing the action he contributes; that is as governing or determining what he does or is not to do so far as the organization is concerned. †

Free Essays on The Juice In Sports

The Juice in Sports There has been a controversy for many years in sports. Athletes have always wanted to get that little extra boost in energy. They want to become a bigger and much stronger person. The logical thing would be to go to the gym, and work out like everybody else does. Some athletes think that they can get away with doing other things, such as energy booster, muscle gainers, and other drinks that boost energy. For many years athletes have been taking illegal drugs and been getting away with too. Now there have been investigations for all the illegal drugs. Athletes have been becoming more uptight with this situation. The media has been playing a big part in all of the fiasco. They want to interview and ask all of these questions to the big name players about illegal drugs, and steroids. Of course, all of the players are going to deny that they have been taking them. So the media will keep hounding them, and stucking them until they come out and say that they did take steroids. Everybody k now that an athlete will not tell the world that he or she has been taking steroids, or illegal drugs. If they did, it would send a message to all of the athlete’s fans saying that it is okay to take illegal drug because I am taking them. When everybody knows that all of those types of drugs are bad for your body, and your mind. It is unhealthy, and defiantly not a safe thing to do. That’s why all of these types of substances are banded from all types of sports. People want athletes to do what they do at a normal, and level playing field. There are some people out there that think steroids are not bad for you. Most of them want to prove that all of these types of drugs are bad, and should not be used in any level of sports. There has been controversy over the year’s weather or not athletes have been using steroids. This year it has finally reached a peak. In Major League Baseball, the players union went to the Supreme Court in... Free Essays on The Juice In Sports Free Essays on The Juice In Sports The Juice in Sports There has been a controversy for many years in sports. Athletes have always wanted to get that little extra boost in energy. They want to become a bigger and much stronger person. The logical thing would be to go to the gym, and work out like everybody else does. Some athletes think that they can get away with doing other things, such as energy booster, muscle gainers, and other drinks that boost energy. For many years athletes have been taking illegal drugs and been getting away with too. Now there have been investigations for all the illegal drugs. Athletes have been becoming more uptight with this situation. The media has been playing a big part in all of the fiasco. They want to interview and ask all of these questions to the big name players about illegal drugs, and steroids. Of course, all of the players are going to deny that they have been taking them. So the media will keep hounding them, and stucking them until they come out and say that they did take steroids. Everybody k now that an athlete will not tell the world that he or she has been taking steroids, or illegal drugs. If they did, it would send a message to all of the athlete’s fans saying that it is okay to take illegal drug because I am taking them. When everybody knows that all of those types of drugs are bad for your body, and your mind. It is unhealthy, and defiantly not a safe thing to do. That’s why all of these types of substances are banded from all types of sports. People want athletes to do what they do at a normal, and level playing field. There are some people out there that think steroids are not bad for you. Most of them want to prove that all of these types of drugs are bad, and should not be used in any level of sports. There has been controversy over the year’s weather or not athletes have been using steroids. This year it has finally reached a peak. In Major League Baseball, the players union went to the Supreme Court in...

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Competence

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Competence The term linguistic competence refers to the unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to use and understand a language. Also known as grammatical competence or I-language.  Contrast with linguistic performance. As used by Noam Chomsky and other linguists, linguistic competence is not an evaluative term. Rather, it refers to the innate linguistic knowledge that allows a person to match sounds and meanings. In  Aspects of the Theory of Syntax  (1965), Chomsky wrote, We thus make a fundamental distinction between competence  (the speaker-hearers knowledge of his language) and performance  (the actual use of language in concrete situations). Examples and Observations Linguistic competence constitutes knowledge of language, but that knowledge is tacit, implicit. This means that people do not have conscious access to the principles and rules that govern the combination of sounds, words, and sentences; however, they do recognize when those rules and principles have been violated. . . . For example, when a person judges that the sentence John said that Jane helped himself is ungrammatical, it is because the person has tacit knowledge of the grammatical principle that reflexive pronouns must refer to an NP in the same clause. (Eva M. Fernandez and Helen Smith Cairns, Fundamentals of Psycholinguistics. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) Linguistic Competence and Linguistic Performance In [Noam] Chomskys theory, our linguistic competence is our unconscious knowledge of languages and is similar in some ways to [Ferdinand de] Saussures concept of langue, the organizing principles of a language. What we actually produce as utterances is similar to Saussures parole, and is called linguistic performance. The difference between linguistic competence and linguistic performance can be illustrated by slips of the tongue, such as noble tons of soil for noble sons of toil. Uttering such a slip doesnt mean that we dont know English but rather that weve simply made a mistake because we were tired, distracted, or whatever. Such errors also arent evidence that you are (assuming you are a native speaker) a poor English speaker or that you dont know English as well as someone else does. It means that linguistic performance is different from linguistic competence. When we say that someone is a better speaker than someone else (Martin Luther King, Jr., for example, was a terrific ora tor, much better than you might be), these judgements tell us about performance, not competence. Native speakers of a language, whether they are famous public speakers or not, dont know the language any better than any other speaker in terms of linguistic competence. (Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone. Wadsworth, 2010) Two language users may have the same program for carrying out specific tasks of production and recognition, but differ in their ability to apply it because of exogenous differences (such as short-term memory capacity). The two are accordingly equally language-competent but not necessarily equally adept at making use of their competence. The linguistic competence of a human being should accordingly be identified with that individuals internalized program for production and recognition. While many linguists would identify the study of this program with the study of performance rather than competence, it should be clear that this identification is mistaken since we have deliberately abstracted away from any consideration of what happens when a language user actually attempts to put the program to use. A major goal of the psychology of language is to construct a viable hypothesis as to the structure of this program . . .. (Michael B. Kac, Grammars and Grammaticality. John Benjamins, 1992)

Evaluate the effectiveness of the Strengths and Difficulties Essay

Evaluate the effectiveness of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for measuring emotional andor behavioural difficulties in children or adolescents - Essay Example This paper is going to account for a survey conducted on the basis of particular objectives. The SDQ acts a psychometric tool to assess multifaceted academic as well as nonacademic parameters for defining the self. (Rush et al., p. 370) As a behavioural screening instrument, the SDQ has earned itself an international status by virtue of its effectiveness. Extensive research studies and surveys are carried out prior to an SDQ so that all probable measuring constructs are utilised to their fullest potential. The calculative scales include 1) Emotional symptoms, 2) Conduct problems, 3) Hyperactivity / Inattention, 4) Peer problems and 5) Prosocial behaviour. Generally all the 5 measuring components are taken into consideration for a thorough and result-oriented investigation. (Goodman, 1997) Departing from the broader context of SDQs, this assignment zooms on the inventories obtained and used for looking into behavioural difficulties in native Australian children. Quantitative analysis is generally preferred to quantitative scoring since the former approach incorporates more statistical data. The logic behind taking a huge quantity for an authentic and reliable result is that it nullifies the risk of errors in categorisation for scores that are just above and below the accepted cut-off parameter. For example, if the cut off point for a specific diagnosis is set as 15, any score just above and below 15 (such as 14 and 16) is... The indigenous grouping was preferred to random selection on the basis of social and psychological relatedness among the candidates. They were picked from urban areas and outskirts of Western Australia. (Western Australia Aboriginal Child Health Survey, 2007) The teacher report was designed as per the standardised measuring scale format, including the previously mentioned 25 psychological attributes. The teacher version of the questionnaire demonstrated credibility as far as representing the community sample is concerned, and it also identified different classes of disorders within the non-subjective sample. (Muris et al., 1-8) Based on the findings, the total Strength and Difficulties score arrayed from 0 to 40. Those who aggregated scores between 0 and 13 were classified into low risk category; those who aggregated scores between 14 and 16 were grouped under moderate risk and the rest scoring between 17 and 40 were reported to have high risk as far as emotional and/or behavioural difficulties was concerned. Needless to mention, the high risk category needed special clinical attention. In this project, scores obtained the first 4 of the 5 scales were amassed initially to measure the Strength and Difficulties sum score. The following table illustrates on this furthermore: SDQ Teacher Rated Score Sheet: Total Difficulties Score (25 Items) Emotional Symptoms Scale (Score Range 0-10) Not True Somewhat True Certainly True Score Often complains of headaches, stomach-aches Many worries, often seems worried Often unhappy, depressed or tearful Nervous or clingy in alien situation Many fears, easily scared Total= Conduct Problems Scale (Score Range 0-10) Not True Somewhat True Certainly True Score Often has temper tantrums or hot

Who are the Arabs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Who are the Arabs - Essay Example Rodinson’s (1981) claim can therefore be valid for myriad reasons, foremost being their ‘Arab identity and their awareness of being Arab’ (p45). Rodinson’s definition of Arab is also important because it helps to give distinct identity to people who may be from other races but follow and identify with the fundamentals of Arabic culture and religion. As he elaborates that Egyptians and Lebanese Christians believe that they are Arabs by Arabian ideology (p7). Thus, ideological beliefs of Arabians have also evolved to encompass and bestow identity of Arab to non Islamic descendents who may not even speak Arabic. The criteria of following traits and traditions of Islam that broadly defines Arabic culture therefore becomes one of the vital ingredients for having an Arabic nationality. Halim Barakat (1993) also corroborates with broader description of Arab as defined by Rodinson. His asserts that Arab should contextualization become major factor while identifying Arabs. According to him, it allows one to ‘connect similarities as well as distinctive differences’ (p1). It incorporates the heterogeneity as well as plurality and helps one to assert one’s identity as an ‘Arab’. Indeed Barakat’s elicitation is hugely relevant as it emphasizes and recognizes the need for evolving civilization. The need to adapt to socio-religious and cultural paradigms become critical issues for evolving societies. For Arabs, it could be more logical because they cannot be confined within defined land or geographical area but the knowledge gained through religious ideologies and practice can certainly provide them with distinct identity of being ‘Arab’. ‘Arab’ has wide connotations and cannot be bound by linguistic or land. It is a conglomeration of people from different place having similar ideologies and beliefs. It is a ‘nationality’ within

Buddhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Buddhism - Essay Example More specifically, Buddhism has played an important role for spreading harmony within the society. There are several forms of Buddhism that has played an important role for the development of the society. Mahayana Buddhism as well as Theravada Buddhism is considered to be two principle branches of Buddhists’ belief (Rahula, 1996). The objective of the study is to provide a brief overview regarding the two types of Buddhist principle that include Mahayana Buddhism as well as Theravada Buddhism. The study will also focus upon the diversified attributes of both the principles. Buddhism is a religious believe developed by the Great Saint named Goutam Buddha. He was the prince of Sakya tribe, which belongs to Nepal. The key principle of Buddhism is to spread harmony and love around the world. The principle intention of Buddhism is to describe people about the purpose of their life. Moreover, Buddhism also provides information regarding the apparent injustice as well as inequality that are happening all around the world. In this regard, Buddhism provides a code of conduct or code of practice that will lead towards the actual happiness of life (Rahula, 1996). Mahayana as well as Theravada Buddhism is the two major principles of Buddhism based on which people following the religion are able to lead their life in a different way. It is also stated that both the principles are having different understanding along with different expressions towards life. In addition, the principles are identified to be having different meanings on the basis of purpose and meaning. Mahayana Buddhism is having the meaning of ‘The Great Vehicle’ and on the other hand, Theravada Buddhism expresses the principle of ‘The Teaching of the Elders’ (Jingpeng, 2012). The concept of Mahayana Buddhism originated in India. Subsequently, it spread throughout Korea, Japan, China, Central Asia, Vietnam, Tibet as well as Taiwan.

Types of Discrimination Essay Example for Free

Types of Discrimination Essay Racial Discrimination: According to the Australian Human Right and Equal Opportunity Commission, racial discrimination is the treatment of someone less fairly because of his or her race, color, descent, national origin or ethnic origin than someone of a different race would be treated in a similar situation. Racial Discrimination is not only reflected in personal attitudes and behaviors, it can be expressed in values, presumptions, structures and processes of social, economic, cultural and political institutions. Such institutional racial discrimination is less direct and harder to identify than personal beliefs and behaviors. Structures and processes may appear as non-discriminatory but in fact operate to advantage some groups over others. The Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) makes racial discrimination unlawful in Australia. The legislation covers all of Australia and can be used to ensure everyone is treated equally, regardless of his or her race, color, descent, or national or ethnic origin. The Racial Discrimination Act covers discrimination in areas such as employment, renting or buying property, the provision of goods and services, accessing public places and in advertising. Aged Discrimination:Age discrimination occurs when an opportunity is denied to a person solely because of their age and where age is irrelevant to the persons ability to take advantage of that opportunity. Direct age discrimination happens when a person is treated less favorably because of their age than a person of another age group would be treated in the same or similar circumstances. Discrimination also happens when there is a requirement, condition or practice that is the same for everyone but has an unfair effect on a person of a particular age. This is known as indirect discrimination. The Age Discrimination Act 2004 prohibits less favorable treatment not only because of age, but also because of characteristics generally pertaining to age and characteristics generally imputed to people of that age. Sex Discrimination (Gender: Women):Sex discrimination against women occurs when a woman is treated less fairly than another person because of her sex or marital status or because she is pregnant. This is direct discrimination. Indirect discrimination can also occur when a requirement that is the same for everyone has an unfair effect on women because of their sex, marital status, pregnancy or potential pregnancy. The Sex Discrimination Act 1984 makes sex discrimination against the law. The Act gives effect to Australias obligations under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and parts of International labor Organization Convention 156. Its major objectives are to:†¢Promote equality between men and women;†¢Eliminate discrimination on the basis of sex, marital status or pregnancy and, with respect to dismissals, family responsibilities; and†¢Eliminate sexual harassment at work, in educational institutions, in the provision of goods and service, in the provision of accommodation and the administration of federal programs. Cultural Discrimination (Aboriginals):Cultural discrimination (Aboriginals) is being treated less fairly than someone else because youre Aboriginal. This treatment may be illegal. Unlawful discrimination on the basis of ones Aboriginality can happen at:-Work-School or college-A public venue-In a shop-Looking for a house to rent or buy-Applying for credit, insurance or a loan-Dealing with trades people, businesses or state or local government. The Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) makes racial discrimination unlawful in Australia this includes discrimination against aboriginals. Disability Discrimination:Disability discrimination happens when people with a disability are treated less fairly than people without a disability. Disability discrimination also occurs when people are treated less fairly because they are relatives, friends, carers, co-workers or associates of a person with a disability the Federal Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (D.D.A.) provides protection for everyone in Australia against discrimination based on disability. It encourages everyone to be involved in implementing the Act and to share in the overall benefits to the community  and the economy that flow from participation by the widest range of people. Bibliography: †¢http://www.humanrights.gov.au/racial_discrimination/index.html†¢http://www.hreoc.gov.au/age/index.html†¢http://www.humanrights.gov.au/sex_discrimination/index.htm†¢http://www.adcq.qld.gov.au/Brochures07/race_ATSI.html†¢http://www.humanrights.gov.au/disability_rights/dda_guide/about/about.html†¢http://humanrights.gov.au/education/voices/pdf/a5_case_study2.pdf†¢http://www.racismnoway.com.au/library/understanding/index-What.html#Heading34†¢http://humanrights.gov.au/education/voices/pdf/a5_case_study2.pdf

The revenues and profits of TESCO

The revenues and profits of TESCO Tesco Plc is the third largest retailer in the world in terms of revenues and second largest in terms of profits. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco ). Tesco is a conglomerate business which offers alternative goods and services such as food, insurance, banking, fuel, online shopping-through its subsidiary Tesco.com, optician, mobile, clothing etc. Tesco has designed various outlets to meet different customers needs. The United Kingdom (UK) is the companys largest market. Tesco operate under four banners namely Express, Metro, Extra and Superstore. Retail analysts have identified three main reasons for this. Tescos are everywhere; Sell to everyone; Sell everything Tesco has a market share of 30% in the UK according to the data from TNS world panel. Tescos market share is double than its closest competitor Asda Supermarket which has a market share of 17% in UK. In UK there are more than 2280 stores and internationally it has 2077 stores. Around 469,000 staff work for Tesco and about 283,000 of them work in UK. Tesco almost has sixteen and half million club card members in UK and twenty million outside the UK, in nine countries across the globe. (http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/apr/21/tesco-facts). Tesco have stores in 14 countries across Asia, Europe, North America, Malaysia and Thailand. Tesco was set up in 1919 by Jack Cohen and is now the biggest private sector employer in the UK. Tescos first store was open in 1929 Burnt oak in Edgware. Since overtime the company is growing and developing and responding to the dynamic environment. Tescos main competitors are Asda, Sainsbury, and Morrisons TESCOS VALUES The core value of Tesco is to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. Our success depends on people; the people who shop with and the people who work with us. No one tries harder for customer: (understand customers, be first to meet their needs, act responsibly for our communities) Treat people as we like to be treated. (Work as a team, trust and respect for each other, listen, support and say thank you share knowledge and experience) All the above mentioned in Tescos Every little Helps Strategy. (www.tescoplc/ourvalues) Tescos planning process runs each year on a quarterly basis in May, August and November, which helps to adjust staffing level and recruit new staffs when necessary. This allows Tesco to get sufficient time and flexibility to meet the demands for staffs and allows the company to meet its strategic objectives, for example open new stores and maintain customer service levels. The organization applies Maslows theory of motivation to internally motivate esteems needs of their employees by recognizing the importance of motivating their staff to progress their career within the company. Tesco practice of so called talent planning which will encourage people to work their way through, on the steps that will help the organization achieve its business goals and employees to achieve their personal and career goals. (http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studyrecruitment-selection132-323-2.php) Goals and objectives of the organization The goals and objectives of a company is what the company hopes to achieve in a specific time period. It is the reason for the existence of the organization; it is what drives the organization, the employees and management in their day to day activities. Tescos goals and objectives are: 1. To maximize sales 2. To grow and maintain the number one retail company in the United Kingdom 3. Tesco wants to outshine their competitors and remain the market leader 4. The main aim of Tesco is to maximize profit 5. To provide goods/services that is cheap and affordable to consumers or the public (http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_aims_and_objectives_of_Tesco) According to Tesco their core purpose is to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. They further go on to state that their success depends on people, both those who shop with and work with them. As Britains largest retailer and the number three in the world, Tesco endeavors to meet their lofty objectives by providing their customers with excellent value for their money with highly competitive prices and top notch customer service. Ultimately by pleasing, their customer and capturing their business for life, this will make them a highly profitable business and in turn also please their shareholders. The aims and objectives of Tesco are based on product, price, place and public. Tesco place is a wide supermarket chain and is one of the biggest in the world. Inclusive in its general aims is also the need for survival and meeting stake holders needs. Subtly underlying all of Tescos beliefs, values, policies and practices is the aim to retain loyal customers. Tesco has captured this in their mission statement, which says to Retain Loyal People. In order to achieve this goal Tesco gives out club cards to its customers and gives them points anytime they come shopping. Organizations structure and design The purpose of organizational structure is to define the protocols, parameters and the procedural process necessary for a group to achieve the organizational objectives. In many organizations structure is a communication channel through which information is passed. No one structure is the best one. Structure will depend on the organization size, when the organization is big it has to have a formal organizational structure. Structure is the pattern of relationships among positions in the organizations and among members of the organization. Structure of the organization does not only affects productivity and economic efficiency but it also increases the morale and job satisfaction of the employs. Drucker (1989) stated that good organization structure does not by itself produce good performance. But a poor organization structure makes good performance impossible, no matter how good the individual managers may be. To improve organization structureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦will therefore always improve performance. Importance of good structure is emphasized by child as the allocation of responsibilities, the grouping of functions, decision-making, coordination, control and reward all these are the fundamental requirements for the continued operation of an organization. The quality of an organizations structure will affect how well these requirements are met. Child (1988). Mannud (1999) emphasized that organizational design is a key feature for allowing an individual to achieve their personal needs as well as objective of the organization. The structure and design of an organization will determine if the goals of the organization and that of the work force would be achieved. The organizational design provides a framework within which the individual and group can work effectively in order to meet collective goals. The various types of organizational structure includes flat, hierarchical, functional, divisional, matrix among others. Some organizations may use one or a combination of two structures to run the organization more smoothly depending on the size and situation of the organization. In our research we discovered that Tesco use a combination of both the flat (decentralization) and hierarchical structure to run the organization effectively. Decentralization structure is mainly used when the organization is big in size and is geographical separated from different parts of the organizations. Decentralization is integrated with empowerment and delegation which brings about autonomy in the organizations. Source http://www.learnmanagement2.com/flat%20structure.htm Hierarchical structure has a various levels within the organization; each level is one above the other. Each level in the hierarchy structure has different levels of power, management and authority. A hierarchy structure defines roles of each employee within the organizations and their relationship with other employees. Source http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Tr-Z/Virtual-Organizations.html Tesco have two organizational structures; one for the company as a whole, which is hierarchical structure, with just six levels between chief executives and the check out staffs. The other structure is flat (decentralization) structure used in each of their stores. The store structured used by Tesco is very easy to understand as it clearly shows control of each level and because of its simplicity it allows employees to see who is in charge of each department or who their department or line managers are. Impacts of the structured used by Tesco Regardless of what form of structure is adopted, whether hierarchical, flat or matrix, it has an impact on the organizational effectiveness. There is no one best structure to use but rather it depends on the organization size and situation that meets the need of the organization in order to achieve its goals and objectives. A clear organizational design and the establishment of a strong organizational structure can increase or maximize a companys effectiveness. Impacts of the hierarchical structure on Tesco In the hierarchical structure it is easy to implement a common policy in the organizations, as a whole and it provides a consistent strategy throughout the organization. This structure helps to improve economies of scale and reduce management cost. Hierarchical structure encourages greater use of specialization and improved decision making as the instructions comes from the top authority. According to McGregor (1960), Theory of X, where workers are seen as rational economic individuals, people are naturally lazy and have an inherent dislike of work. The average person avoids responsibility, prefers to be directed. Therefore, most people must be controlled, directed, coerced and threatened with punishment in order to enable organization to achieve its goals. On the other hand, the hierarchical organizational structure can have adverse effect on the organizations effectiveness. Organizations can be bureaucratic and respond slowly to changing customer needs and the market within which the organization operates. The decision making will be slow which will affect the organization. The hierarchical structure restricts personal growth and self- realization which will lead to failure, frustration and conflicts. Communication across various sections can be poor especially horizontal communication. The hierarchical structure also leads to low motivation and morale. This is because there is not enough delegation. Lack of clarity and relevant, timely information to the right people and inadequate procedures for revaluation of past decision can lead to late and inappropriate decision. Impacts of decentralized structure of TESCO; Decentralized organization structure makes manager feel more comfortable at his position and will be able to take decisions with ease. Staffs will have more responsibilities which will empower them in decision making and in turn will motivate employees and increase productivity. It creates improved communication between staff and management. It also enables the staff to judge the situation within their working environment thereby expanding their knowledge and experience. In this structure top bottom chain of command is short but on the other hand Span of control is much wider than others which will improve the efficiency of organization. Decentralization structure can limit the business growth. When there is any change which needs to be implemented, employees will not fully accept it and will take a long time before it will be fully embraced by the whole organization. At times employees have more than one manager, this often obstruct the performance of an organization because managers want to apply different methods according to their own finding or ideas, so it becomes a barrier in a way of proper communication among the staff and their superiors. The internal and external environment in which the organization is operating INTERNAL FACTORS EXTERNAL FACTORS OF TESCO PESTEL stands for Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Environmental and Legal factors. Its purpose is to assess the industry in which an organization operates. Examples of each factor are: Political Tax policies, Trade restrictions, Tariffs. Economic Economic growth, Interest rates, Inflation rates. Sociological Culture, Health consciousness, Age distribution. Technological Ecological aspects, Research and development, rate of technological change. Legal Health and safety laws, Consumer laws and regulations. Environmental Recycling policies, pollution. Due to the nature of the Tescos organization with particular reference to how it has branded and marketed itself, and the current economic climate, the assessment of external factors by a PESTEL analysis has been crucial in Tescos success. This is because Tesco has taken into account the implications for consumers, employees, stakeholders, associated organizations and the companys mission statement. Political factor: Politically, the credit crunch may lead to higher numbers of unemployment. As one of the largest and fastest growing retailers more jobs will be available with Tesco therefore helping to reduce the levels of unemployment. As Tesco is an international organization having stores in several countries, thus Tesco will be influenced by the political and legislative conditions of those countries, including European Union. Government encourages retailers to provide a mixture of job opportunities from flexible, lower-paid and locally-based jobs to highly-skilled, higher-paid and centrally-located jobs under employment legislations. Tesco employs large numbers of, students, disabled and elderly workers, often paying them lower rates. In an industry with a typically high staff turnover, these workers offer a higher level of loyalty and therefore represent desirable employees. Economical Factors: Economic factors are of concern to Tesco, because they are likely to affect demand, costs, prices and profits. On the economy side one of the most influential factor is the unemployment rate, which reduces the effective demand for many goods, adversely affecting the demand for such goods to be produced. These factors are largely beyond the control of the company, but its performance and marketing mix is profound. Although Tescos international business is still growing, but still it is highly depended on the UK market. Tesco controlled 30.8% of the UK grocery market as of May 2009 and 9% of the UK non-food retail market. The majority of its sales and profits are generated in its 2,282 UK stores, which are segmented into the following formats: Tesco Express neighbourhood convenience store that focuses on fresh products, 961 stores Tesco Metro city centre convenience store,174 stores Tesco Superstore conventional supermarket, 448 stores Tesco Extra hypermarket that serves an entire community, 177 stores Tesco Home plus and One-Stop account for its remaining stores The company also sells general merchandise through Tesco Direct; its online and catalogue businesses. Tescos strategy of following the shopper remains more relevant now than ever, and this has helped the business to move into 2010 on the front foot, following strong trading over the key Christmas period. Having increased UK sales by  £3.6bn last year, Tesco remains heavily focused on delivering growth, offering significant scale opportunities across its estate. And with Tesco now seeing signs of wider economic recovery coming through, the retailer is targeting significant growth ahead. Club card is attracting new shoppers to Tesco stores, while the proposition is being reinforced in-store as new range initiatives are developed. Add to this an ambitious expansion plan for the UK and a growing international opportunity for suppliers, and the attraction of Tesco as a retailer account grows further. Tescos has reported a pre -tax profit of  £1.6m in half year and sales were boosted by strong Asian sales. Sales growth is UK has increased by 5% in contrast to Asia in the past three months. Overall Tescos sales grew by 8.3% to  £32.9bn. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11474282) Tesco has also announced to hire 16,000 new staffs this year, out of which 9,000 will be hired in UK. Sociological factors: The Sociological aspect of the PESTEL analysis for Tesco involves considerations such as the increase in immigration of Eastern Europeans or increase in young professionals. Change in customers taste and preferences have to be considered when carrying out strategic analysis. Current trends show that customers have begun to move to one-stop and bulk shopping, which is due to changes in society. Naturally there is always a demand for new product, hence Tesco have to offer a range of products for their customers to choose from. Due to demographic changes such as the aging population, an increase in female workers and a decline in home cooking means that UK retailers need to also focus on value added products and services. As the awareness of organic product grows customers are now buying more organic foods, TESCO has the largest share of organic product sales, selling over 1200 organic product lines. Technological factors: Technological factors which have perhaps had the most impact on Tesco have been the growth in the use of the internet. When new technologies are introduced in the business, it benefits both the customers and the company thus increasing customer satisfaction because commodities are readily available. The TESCO website, www.tesco.com is the largest online supermarket in the world. Tesco stores uses following technologies: Wireless devices Radio Frequency Identification Self check-out machine Intelligent Scale Electronic shelf labelling The use of Electronic Point of Sale (Epos), Electronic Funds Transfer Systems (EFTPoS) and electronic scanners have greatly improved the efficiency of distribution and stocking activities, with needs being communicated almost in real time to the supplier. Finch, (2004). They have capitalized on the use of online shopping and provide a delivery service through their website at www.tesco.com. Customers can now shop without physically going to the stores; hence they are able to retain this clichà © of customers who have little time to go in stores. Through the use of extranet system Tescos communication flow between the company and its business partners is very effective and hence facilitates collaborative relationship. Tescos investment into technology like wireless devices, intelligent scale, and electronic shelf labelling, self check-out machine and radio frequency identification (RFID) systems helps support smooth daily operations of the business. Environmental Factors As Tesco continues to expand its Corporate social responsibility is of a great paramount in order to meet its obligation to its stakeholders through specified regulations and corporate governance. Tesco uses fossil fuel in its transport network and also encourage its customers to make low carbon choices. In 2008, Compassion in World Farming (CIWF) awarded TESCO, the Rotten Egg Award for failing to make any commitment to end sale of eggs from caged hens. In 2004 Graiser and Scott stated that, the government had plans to launch a new strategy of reducing production waste and consumption resource in order to minimise environmental damage. Legal factors: In the current economic situation, many small businesses are not able to enter the market. Under the EU law, if there is an organization with a largest market share dominates. With this problem the quality of products and services will be compromised and thus demanding high prices. The governments policies for monopoly controls and reduction of buyers power can limit entry to this sector with such controls as license requirements and limits on access to raw materials -Mintel Report (2004), Myers (2004). In order to implement politically correct pricing policies, Tesco offers consumers a price reduction on fuel purchases based on the amount spent on groceries at its stores. While prices are lowered on promoted goods, prices elsewhere in the store are raised to compensate. Factors affecting employee productivity Ways of motivating key workers need to define motivation , talk about extrinsic and intrinsic motivation = total rewards Motivation is one of the earliest concerns of organizational behaviour. It is internal and external forces and influences that drive an individual to achieve certain specific goals. People are motivated when they expect that a course of action is likely to lead to the attainment of a goal a valued reward that satisfies their particular needs. Well motivated people are those with clearly defined goals who take action that they expect will achieve those goals. According to La Motta (1995), motivation is simply the reason individuals have for doing the things they do. In day-to-day society many different things motivate people, and that which motivates one person may not necessarily motivate another. In other words, a motivated person is always aware of the fact that a specific goal must be achieved, and would direct their effort at attaining that goal. Nel et al (2001). According to Locke (1997), motivation is determined by goal directedness, human volition or free will, and perceived needs and desires, sustaining the actions of individuals in relation to themselves and to their environment. THE ELEMENTS OF A TOTAL REWARDS PROGRAMME Armstrong and Mullin (1991) suggest four main areas that should be addressed in a reward management system. These are: Pay structures, which by combining the results of market surveys and job evaluation, define the levels of pay in the organisation; Employee benefits that satisfy the needs of employees for personal security and provide remuneration in forms other than pay which include pensions, insurance cover, sick pay and a number of other perks. Non-financial rewards which satisfy employees needs for variety, challenge, responsibility, influence in decision-making, recognition, training, career development opportunities and high quality leadership. Performance management that provides the basis for continuing as well as formal reviews of performance against targets and standards. A performance management system usually leads to the development of training and development programmes that meet the need for growth and achievement. It also leads to the design of performance-related pay systems that has an impact on bonus and incentive payments. Performance management is a strategic and integrated process that delivers sustained success to organizations by improving the performance of the people who work in them and by developing the capabilities of individuals contributors and teams (Michael Armstrong pp391). If a persons skills are not utilized up to the full, they will they will be demotivated. Tesco recently received an award from National Business awards Employer of the year when the judges declared that Tesco was voted employer of the year because its solutions were seen to be more holistic. Tesco recognizes that motivated staffs are committed to their work and hence companys performance will increase. http://www.trainanddevelop.co.uk/view_article.php?ArticleID=78 Tesco has many ways in which they motivate their workers. This has gone a long way to help them improve on their quality of services and their profits for the past years. Tesco motivates its employees through the following way: Staff Training Tesco gives training to staff, to make sure that they are competent and ready for the job. They ensure that their customers have the best services through the staff and management team. This does not only make the employee to be ready to work, it also makes them to be confident and motivated to work. So in being confident and sure of giving out the best to the customers, employees will put in their best in order to satisfy the needs of the customers. Discount for staff purchases: Employees of Tesco are given the opportunity to buy good from their super market at a discount of ten percent. This is an advantage to Tescos employees. This is done so that employees will feel recognized and been treated fairly at the work place. When employees feel that they are being treated fairly and they are happy, they turn to do their work more effectively and efficiently thus achieving the set objectives and goals of the company. Communication: Communication between staff, customers and management has to be good. This is so because it makes the employees to feel happy that their problems and opinion in the organization are important. Tesco makes sure that they have new and more open lines of communication between managers and staff, to avoid conflict and lack of flow of information. Directors and senior managers spend a week on shop floor listening to ideas and suggestions from customers and staff. This makes the employees feel better and secured at the work place. They feel happy that their ideas have got a place in management decision making, and that keeps them highly motivated. Free uniforms: Tesco gives out their uniforms to their workers for free in order for them not to think that they are being exploited or being used. Free or reduced rate health insurance: Tesco provides health insurance for free or at a much reduced rate for its employees. This makes the employees happy and confident in their employer. It indicates that their employer is concerned about their well-being and not just the work. So this makes employees to be happy and it increases efficiency in the work place. Holidays: Tesco recognizes that their employees are human beings and that they need rest as well. They respect the holidays of their employees and make sure that they are Open opportunities: Tesco gives their employees equal opportunities to be promoted when they work hard. So employees are being promoted in the organization when they put in more efforts. This makes them to work hard and feel motivated to work, because they know that after hard work comes promotion and power. By doing this productivity and efficiency and turn over increases. Bonus: Employees are given bonuses when the work hard besides their others discount they having for working at Tesco. When efficiency and productivity increases, turnover increases too. So when this happens, employees are motivated through bonuses. Competitive salaries: Company share options: This is another option that Tesco feels it motivates their key workers most especially their top management employees. The top management employees are given options to become shareholders after long years of services and hard work at Tesco. When employees of top management has reached a certain level of the hierarchical pyramid of the organization in Tesco, the board of directors gives that employee an opportunity to acquire a share and become one of them. Flexibility at work: Discount gym membership: Tesco uses this point as a form of motivation for its employees. When employees work hard, in order to motivate them, they are given a discount so that they can become members at their gym. So this makes them happy and has a sense of belongingness and they feel accepted and recognized by their employer. Appraisal systems and organizational record keeping Appraisal systems Balance scorecard: It is a method which Tesco uses to appraise its employees. It is applied to performance management system and it points out and breakthrough defects in single applications of financial indicators which measures performances of employees. The value of performance management appraisal system based on the introduction of the customers, internal business, processes, employees learning and growth and financial factors. It also controls the management system mechanism, the strategy of application, application limitations and outlook on the future of the business. Leadership: Employees are also appraised through their way of leadership in Tesco. This is done through the nineteen leadership competencies which were identified through their in-depth job analysis of leadership. Any employees regardless of their years of experience in a particular position may be put into the development phase at any time upon their request or when the supervisor suggests. Working in this particular phase, the employees focuses their energy and attention on specific leadership competencies which will help them achieve their objectives and increase turn over. Strategic evaluation: Tescos evaluation systems are performed through effective decomposition of the business strategy. This is so that each employee will clearly establish themselves in the organization under the strategy and their responsibilities; it should be more of how to take actions to ensure the achievements of objectives. So this performance evaluation system is to connect the strategic Organizational Record Keeping: Website resources record keeping: The company keeps most of their information on their website. This website is updated on a daily basis, and information is usually not removed once it is posted there. So it is one of the very safe places where records of the organization are kept for as long as possible. Document storage: Records are also kept in the form of documents that is in hard and soft copies. This documents are considered as important to the organization, then they now keep them for future reference. Document location system: There is a particular system created for storage of document, so that in case this document is needed, they do not have to go through all other documents before getting what they want. They just need to get into the system, then they will get it at once. So this is less time consuming and accurate. Conclusion References Armstrong and Mullin (1991) Child (1988), J. Organization: a Guide to Problems and Practice, 2nd edition, Paul Chapman (1988), p.531 Drucker, P.F. the practice of management, Heinemann Professional (1989), p.223 Finch, (2004) La Motta (1995) Locke (1997) Nel et al (2001) Mannud.L, (1999) Michael Armstrong pp391 Mintel Report (2004), Myers (2004) Websites http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesc

Dominique LaPierres The City of Joy Essay -- Dominique LaPierre City

Dominique LaPierre's The City of Joy â€Å"His suffering was transformed into surprise then peace, the peace that comes from being loved† (C.O.J. p. 254). In the book the City of Joy, Hasari, Mother Theresa, Stephan Kolvaski and Max Loeb all experienced the joy and helpfulness that comes from being loved. Their problems and troubles through out the book help them to understand how to make it through tough times. Examples from this book and life show that modern medicine is not always the best way to help the sick or injured. Peoples love and kindness for each other is the most valuable gift you can give someone. â€Å"This city isn’t all that inhuman† (C.O.J. p. 82). Hasari said this when he was able to become a rickshawpuller. When Pam Chander befriended Hasari he saved him and his family from starvation. Ram showed Hasari that there was a still king person in a city, that was thought of as cruel. After Hasari started his job he was able to feed and buy treats for his family. Ram and Hasari’s friendship continued to grow while working together. They also continued to help each other out in times of need. Ram Chandler not only got Hasari a job, he helped teach him about the rickshaw business and life in Calcutta. Ram showed Hasari where to get business and how to help the soreness from pulling. Another thing he taught Hasari was how to hide any illness he got. Ram also reminded Hasari how lucky he was to have what he did have. â€Å"Good old Ram, there wa...

Calibration of Volumetric Glassware Essay

Summary In this experiment, The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the measurement of the actual volume contents of volumetric glassware. In the beginning of the experiment, the volumetric glassware should be clean and dry before used. The volumetric glassware, measuring cylinder and pipette should be handled with care and all the precautions were be taken during the experiment was held. This was to ensure to avoid any errors such as parallax error especially while reading water meniscus. This experiment must be repeated three times or more and take the average reading to get more accurate data. By using the formulae, the standard deviation and relative standard deviation could be calculated. As the result, the lower the standard deviation, the higher the consistency of an instrument. Although the instrument may measure a given sample, the value might need to be altered due to various conditions and errors. Objectives The objective of the experiments was to; Calibrate a 10 mL volumetric pipette. Calibrate a 25 mL volumetric pipette. Calibrate a 100 mL volumetric flask. Calibrate a 50 mL measuring cylinder Introduction Volumetric glassware is used to accurately measure volumes. Despite all of the tools and instruments available for the use of measuring values of various data, it is impossible to measure the true value of anything. This experiment is intended to develop a person’s capacity to handle volumetric glassware. One must understand how to handle volumetric glassware to acquire  the best possible data from the equipment used in lab. Although the instrument may measure a given sample, the value might need to be altered due to various conditions. However, with practice and experience, we can reach very close to the true value, gaining the ability to measure with both high accuracy and precision. The objective of this experiment is to calibrate a 10mL burette and other volumetric glassware by calculating their correction values. By doing so, we can correct systematic errors caused by the burette’s or glassware’s values. A systematic error is an error in reading the scale when a physical quantity is being measured. Systematic errors are caused by the instrument, observer and surroundings. Another main type of error is random error. Random error is an error which occurs when the observer is reading the scale on the measuring instrument. Volumetric glassware is used to accurately measure volumes. In any given experiment, students may come across systematic errors or random errors. Random errors are not able to be corrected by a standard mean because they are not consistent. However, systematic errors are consistent and is able to be detected which allows students to correct the error that was found. So, using uncalibrated glassware will cause a systematic error. This error occurs because the volume reading given by the glassware is slightly different than the actual volume that is obtained in the glassware. In order to avoid systematic error, it important to calibrate the measuring instrument so that there is a standard value for zero which allows the measurement to be more accurate. Calibration of volumetric glassware such as burette is carried out by weighing the amount of water delivered. The temperature of the water used in the calibration must be known since the density of water changes. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the measurement of the actual volume contents of volumetric glassware. If there is a slight variation in this instrument, it would cause systematic error and thus, the accuracy of results of an experiment or investigation would be affected. All volumetric glassware has marking on it. It is either being marked with TD or TC, which brings the meaning of ‘to deliver’ and ‘to contain’ respectively. For example, a pipette has a marking of TD, which means a pipette is marked  as a ‘to deliver’. Whereas, volumetric flask has TC as its marking, meaning it is marked as a ‘to contain’. A volumetric pipette & measuring cylinder can be calibrated by just weighing the water they deliver. As for volumetric flask, the weight of an empty flask is recorded. Next, weigh the flask after filling it with water to the mark. After that, it is crucial to convert the mass to volume. The water density at a t emperature will aid this process. The compliance of the Volume Occupied by 1.000g of Water Weigh in Air table is deemed necessary throughout the comparison. In order to obtain the true volume of volumetric glassware holds, this formula will be used. This experiment shall be repeated twice or more to enhance accuracy of the results obtained. Besides detecting systematic errors, this experiment would aid on the technique and understandings to the correct use of these equipments. Materials Transfer pipette, cleaning solution/detergent, beaker, thermometer, distilled water, top loading balance, 10ml volumetric pipette, 25mlvolumetric pipette, 100ml volumetric flask, 50ml measuring cylinder. Procedure 1) Calibration of a volumetric pipette (10ml and 25ml) a) Transfer pipette was obtained. The pipette was cleaned because distilled water does not drain uniformly. A cleaning solution or detergent was used to clean the pipette. b) An empty beaker was weighted. Then, water was filled in the beaker. The temperature was recorded at uniform intervals. c) The 10ml pipette was filled with distilled water until it reaches the calibration mark. d) Water was drained into another beaker e) The beaker filled with water was then weighted to find the mass of water delivered from the pipette. f) The following equation was used to convert mass to volume : Volume(actual) = (grams of water) x (volume of 1g of water in table1) g) Step a – f was repeated using 25ml pipette. 1) 2) Calibration of volumetric flask (100ml) a) A 100ml volumetric flask was cleaned and dried. b) The flask was weighted. Then, water was filled into the flask. Transfer pipette was used to remove the excess amount of water filled in the flask so that it exactly reach the calibration mark. c) The flask filled with water was weighted to find the mass of water contained in the flask. d) Mass of water was converted to volume using the equation above. 3) Calibration of a measuring cylinder (100ml) a) A 100ml measuring cylinder was cleaned and dried. b) The measuring cylinder was weighted. Then, water was filled into the measuring cylinder until it reached the calibration mark. Transfer pipette was also used to remove the excess water. c) The measuring cylinder filled with water was weighted to find the mass of water contained in the measuring cylinder. d) Mass of water was converted to volume using the same equation. Result and Discussion Result: a) Data 10mL pipette Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mass of flask + water (g) 42.64 42.66 42.66 Mass of flask (g) 32.72 32.72 32.72 Mass of water (g) 9.92 9.94 9.94 Temperature (oC) 28 28 28 Actual volume (mL) 9.97 9.99 9.99 Average volume (mL) 9.98 Standard Deviation, 0.012 Relative standard deviation ,/ 0.001202 50mL pipette Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mass of flask + water (g) 121.08 121.06 121.04 Mass of flask (g) 96.60 96.60 96.56 Mass of water (g) 24.48 24.46 24.48 Temperature (oC) 28 28 28 Actual volume (mL) 24.60 24.58 24.60 Average volume (mL) 24.59 Standard Deviation, 0.012 Relative standard deviation ,/ 0.00049 10mL pipette Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mass of flask + water (g) 158.42 158.44 158.42 Mass of flask (g) 57.18 57.16 57.16 Mass of water (g) 101.24 101.28 101.26 Temperature (oC) 28 27 28 Actual volume (mL) 101.73 101.77 101.75 Average volume (mL) 101.75 Standard Deviation, 0.02 Relative standard deviation ,/ 0.000197 50mL measuring cylinder Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mass of flask + water (g) 116.48 116.48 116.48 Mass of flask (g) 68.18 68.17 68.18 Mass of water (g) 48.30 48.31 48.30 Temperature (oC) 28 28 28 Actual volume (mL) 48.53 48.54 48.53 Average volume (mL) 48.53 Standard Deviation, 0.007 Relative standard deviation ,/ 0.000146 Discussion: According to the tables above, when using 10mL pipette, the actual volume delivered is 9.98mL and the standard deviation is 0.012. The lower the standard deviation, the higher the consistency of an instrument based in a physic’s book. Consistent measurements consist of readings that have little or no relative deviation among them. So, when the standard deviation is nearer to zero then this shows that the readings taken are consistent. In order to get a good accuracy, the experiments are done until trial 3. Temperature are remain consistent for all three trial for different glassware that 28 °C. This experiment expectation is that the glassware will be used to measure liquids at room temperature. Since liquids have a tendency to change volume (at the level of precision of calibrated instruments), then we want the liquid to be at the temperature we are most likely to use so that the calibration will have the most accuracy and we used water since it is thermal equilibrium in su rrounding. Another factor that may interrupt the reading is parallax error during the experiment is held. In order to avoid parallax error is the glassware must be weight for another two times. Every scale on the reading instrument must be read properly, it may reduce the fact. The eyes must be perpendicular to the reading scale on the same level as the bottom surface of the water meniscus to avoid parallax error. Besides, the weighing bottles are always being capped to avoid evaporation since it is important precaution. Conclusion Based on this experiment , we can conclude that this experiment are to study the calibration to measure the accuracy of volumetric glassware. This experiment also ensure the accuracy of the volumetric glassware for 10 ml and 25 ml pipette, 100 ml volumetric flask and 50ml measuring cylinder References * http://gula-gulakapassikecik.blogspot.com/2012/04/calibration-of-volumetric-glassware_24.html?m=1 * www.studymode.com * Lim Peng Chew, Lim Ching Chai, Nexus Bestari Physics, Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. , 2013, Pg 18,19